The PWM signal
Pulse-width modulation (or PWM for short) is a simple concept that has many applications. Let's take a look at a square wave.
The waveform has a...
What the SPI protocol is and how it works
SPI, or Serial Peripheral Interface, is one of the most widely used communication protocols, typically implemented in microcontrollers and commonly used to...
I2C protocol overview
I2C (or IIC) stands for Inter-IC Communication and is one of the most popular communication protocols for microcontrollers. I2C is typically used to...
What the Watchdog timer is and how it works
The Watchdog timer is a safety mechanism that resets a system in case it crashes (hang/freez). In other words, it is a...
Pitches, holes and annular sections of PCBs
A common feature of printed circuit boards (or commonly called PCB from the English Printed Circuit Board) is a round pad (in English pad) exposed with a...
The 7-segment displays
This article inaugurates the new "Electronic Lab" column that, in collaboration with Labcenter Electronics (the manufacturer of Proteus PCBs), features on Electronics...
What TFT displays are and how they work
Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT) displays are ubiquitous today, finding use in an increasing number of applications. If until recently a...
What SD cards are and how they work
Let's find out what an SD Card is and how it works.
A bit of history
Removable computer memory has evolved over the years through...
What the UART protocol is and how it works
The UART is a communication protocol used to send data from one device to another. Among the most common microcontroller communication protocols...
How FLASH memory sector erasure works
FLASH memory has become the most popular technology for data storage due to its low cost and small size. The...
